Memory Consolidation & the Role of Memory in Learning

When we refer to heightened learner engagement, we are not just talking about increased click-traffic or user activity; we are referring to the crucial role that memory plays in the deep cognitive processing that occurs during learning. Without memory consolidation, engagement is superficial—real learning requires meaningful interactions that help information transition from short-term to long-term memory. 

True engagement happens when learners actively encode, retrieve, and apply information in ways that strengthen memory and understanding. Without memory consolidation, engagement remains superficial—real learning requires meaningful interactions that support the transition from short-term to long-term memory.

I had the pleasure of attending the 2025 International TESOL conference, where I attended a presentation on memory, which is vital to learning. Our presenters were from University of Central Florida, Aimee Schoonmaker, Phd and Luiza Marques Porto, MA.

True meaningful learning requires consolidating short-term or working memory into long-term memory. This process occurs in three key phases: rereading, reinforcing, and recalling. Each phase strengthens memory through structured repetition, neural adaptation, and retrieval practice, ensuring that information is retained over time rather than forgotten.

Phase 1: Rereading (Initial Exposure to Information)

Rereading introduces new material but is often passive and shallow. Learners can review course content after class meetings, such as slides, chapters, and handouts, which can serve as a foundation, but true learning happens when information is processed beyond mere repetition. Passive exposure alone does not guarantee long-term retention, and rereading should occur after initial learning to be effective.

Phase 2: Reinforcing (Strengthening Neural Connections)

Reinforcement occurs when new knowledge is integrated with existing knowledge, forming stronger neural pathways. Effective reinforcement strategies include:

  • Distributed practice (spaced repetition over time)

  • Multiple forms of input (e.g., summaries, concept maps, repetition)

  • Task repetition (e.g., drills, discussion, and rehearsal)

Studies (Nation & Newton, 2021) show that task repetition improves accuracy and proficiency, especially when information is revisited in different ways over time.

Phase 3: Recalling (Retrieval for Deep Learning)

Retrieval practice strengthens memory by requiring learners to actively recall information rather than simply recognizing it. Strategies such as retelling stories, engaging in discussions, or teaching others enhance neural pathways, making future recall easier. Research supports that retrieval is more effective than rereading in promoting long-term retention.

Key Factors That Strengthen Memory Consolidation

  • Sleep plays a critical role in memory storage and consolidation.

  • Emotions impact neuroplasticity, influencing what is considered meaningful and memorable. The learner determines what they feel is relevant, and may store ideas that are not considered relevant into the working memory

  • Spaced repetition (reviewing material over time) is superior to massed cramming for long-term retention.

The Role of the Brain in Memory

  • Phonological loop: Stores verbal and auditory information in working memory for a limited time. It is a subsystem of working memory that deals with auditory information, including speech and sounds. 

  • Amygdala: Processes emotional memory, influencing what is prioritized in learning.

  • Hippocampus: Encodes experiences and factual information into long-term memory.

  • Cerebellum: Involved in unconscious motor learning and procedural memory.

  • Prefrontal cortex: Manages working memory and retrieval processes.

Practical Strategies for Strengthening Memory

  • Always include review in your lessons to strengthen instructor scaffolding.

  • Reduce reliance on final exams and increase weekly reviews for spaced reinforcement.  Consider weekly reviews instead of high stakes exams.

  • Self-assessments instead of midterms help students identify gaps and re-engage with material.

  • Encourage students to practice content on non-class days to strengthen retrieval.

  • Use varied methods of repetition to ensure repeated exposure to the same concepts in different ways.

By following these strategies, students can move beyond surface-level memorization and develop lasting, meaningful knowledge.

References:


Newton, J., & Nation, L. S. P. (2021). Teaching ESL/EFL listening and speaking. Routledge.


ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Phonological loop. Retrieved 03/03/2025, from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/phonological-loop

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